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From the perspective of the entire telecommunication networks, the public telecommunications networks can be categorized into long-distance networks, relay networks, and access networks. The international community generally refers to the long-distance and relay networks collectively as the core network, with the remaining components as the access network. The access network serves as the bridge between telecommunications operators' central office equipment and user terminal equipment, primarily facilitating data transmission, multiplexing, routing, cross-connection, and other functions to enable user connectivity to the core network. Typically, its distance ranges from a few hundred meters to several kilometers, bringing it the figurative nickname of the "last mile" in broadband access. Given that the core network predominantly utilizes optical fiber transmission, offering relatively high transmission speeds, the access network, as the "last mile" of broadband access, has emerged as a bottleneck hindering the advancement of broadband networks. Depending on the deployed transmission media, the access network can be further divided into wired and wireless access networks. Within the wired category, there are copper wire, optical fiber, and hybrid access networks. Wireless access networks encompass various forms such as cellular communication, microwave communication, and satellite communication. Based on transmission bandwidth, access networks can be classified into broadband and narrowband types. With the escalating demands for broadband access speed, narrowband access networks have largely retreated gradually with the last decade.

Currently, there are three primary wired broadband access methods globally: telephones copper wire access (DSL), fiber optic access (FTTH), and coaxial cable access (Cable). In recent years, copper wire access technology has undergone continuous evolution, with the introduction of technical standards such as VDSL2 Vectoring, V35b, and G.fast. Equipment based on these standards has been gradually deployed, significantly enhancing the transmission speed and reliability of copper wire access.

As the market gradually transitions into a new product replacement cycle, the demand for terminal equipment that supports the V35b technical standard has steadily increased. G.fast technology stands out by offering a transmission rate comparable to fiber optic access, reaching up to 2Gbps for "gigabit access," at a lower cost than switching to fiber optic access. This has attracted many attentions from some operators. With the ongoing maturity and application of G.fast technology, the demand for terminal equipment compatible with G.fast is also anticipated to continue rising.

Although fiber optic access boasts characteristics such as long transmission distance, strong anti-interference ability, and excellent confidentiality, it requires re-laying of new lines when compared with copper wire access, resulting in higher initial construction costs and a significant engineering workload. Consequently, the fiber optic network upgrade plans of countries and regions worldwide are constrained by various factors, including their respective fiber optic upgrade capital investments and development strategies. It will take considerable time for those countries and regions that have recently initiated fiber optic network upgrade plans to achieve full fiber optic network coverage. Furthermore, the slowdown in global economic growth and increased uncertainty may prompt some foreign countries to postpone their fiber optic deployments. Meanwhile, fiber optic access is not viable for all regions. Given the long-term development and promising future of the copper wire access market, chip giants like Broadcom and renowned communication equipment manufacturers such as ZTE and Huawei Technologies continue to invest in research and development in this field.